Social Contract Theory In Thomas Hobbess The Leviathan

In light of political philosophy, and more specifically contract theory, there is one philosophy that is undoubtedly inferior to the rest. This happens to be Thomas Hobbes’s social contract theory as articulated in his book The Leviathan. There are many conceptual errors in Hobbes’s theory, but I will first present his theory and then highlight two major issues. The first issue being that his state of nature is irrationally portrayed and his assumptions of apolitical groups are inaccurate- as examples of successful government-free societies exist. This will then lead to the second issue which is that his requirements for his contract theory, tied to his theory as a whole, are not preferable. On these grounds, we will be able to reject†¦show more content†¦Thus, Hobbes draws the conclusion that individuals ought to form a group and enter a contract. This contract would deem the most powerful individual or group the Leviathan. Individuals would then give up right s to this Leviathan to achieve order and security among the group. The Leviathan is then given total authority; whatever the Leviathan wants is enforceable on the group. Hobbes believes this is preferable as now civilized society is possible, even though some rights may be given up. What we find first, though, is that his portrayal of the state of nature and subsequent state of war are both flawed. Hobbes attains a very negative outlook on human nature and the human condition. He claims that humans are essentially so self-interested that they could never achieve peaceful coexistence without being coerced into doing so. Furthermore, he argues that the mechanisms of civil society, such as industry and production cannot be achieved either. Not only are Hobbes’s claims a bit extreme and ridiculous, but in the case of human nature, they are provably false. First, I would assert that man does not need government or a coercive power to achieve standards of right and wrong or to the orize moral frameworks. While governments may make laws that can achieve justice and outline a basic sense of what we believe to be right and wrong, this authority is not necessary for morality. ItShow MoreRelatedPolitical Philosophy And The Natural Law856 Words   |  4 Pagestried to conceptualize what constitutes a political philosophy. Several theorists produced valid points, highlighting the epitome of both politics and citizenship. Consequently, there was one philosopher that was able to produce a much more valid theory. John Locke philosophized that the political system is rooted from the law of nature. The law of nature states that all persons are equal, inducing limitations or restrictions on human freedom and personal liberty. Locke believed that natural rightsRead MoreThe Crisis Of Modernity Within Political Liberalism928 Words   |  4 Pagesfaith in reason and trust. In addition to, as a substantial factor to arguments that modern man will do anything he to achieve his vision of what â€Å"greater human life is or can be†. Through the reflection of the thoughts, experiences, and writings of Thomas Hobbes, one can can to begin to question where the crisis arises from. Hobbes argues that â€Å"modern man no longer knows what he wants† and has lost â€Å"faith in reason’s ability to validate its highest aims† manifesting into a spiraling crisis where modernRead MoreDo Metaphors Really Matter?1208 Words   |  5 Pageswill be the metaphor used by the famous English p hilosopher, Thomas Hobbes, in his famous book, â€Å"Leviathan† which was published in 1651. Thomas Hobbes and the Leviathan Thomas Hobbes was a philosopher who had his interests based mainly on political affairs. As stated earlier, his most famous piece of work, â€Å"Leviathan† was a platform through which Hobbes expressed his ideas of how an ideal state ought to look like. The term â€Å"Leviathan† is used in the Bible in the book of Job, where the creatureRead MoreAnalysis Of Jean Jacques Rousseau s Perfect Freedom Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pagescontrary to the suggestion of Thomas Hobbes that perfect freedom is an intrinsic condition of human nature. The only true natural association is the family; its characteristics are primarily widespread beyond the primitive needs from which it originates. Where Hobbes might suggest that there is a measure of independence supplemented in family, John Locke on the other hand might argue that the family unit fulfills a natural law. From its inception, the presence of social constraints on the institutionRead MoreThe Social Contract Theory Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pages1a. 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Where this structure is present we may legitimatelyRead MoreThomas Hobbes And The Constitutional Struggle1114 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Hobbes was born April 5, 1588 in Malmesbery. His father left the family in 1604 and never returned. Hobbes was then raised and educated by the support of his uncle. His younger years of education were received through local schools while his college education in the classics was received from Magdalen Hall, University of Oxford. After he received his education, Thomas Hobbes became the tutor of William Cavendish in 1608. Two years after becoming his tutor, Cavendish and Hobbes travelled toRead MoreAnalysis Of Thomas Hobbes s The Leviathan Essay1171 Words   |  5 Pageskey to the era of Enlightenment and life beyond it. Born on April 5 1588, Thomas Hobbes came to be known as one of the greatest philosophers in the world. In his most famous work, the Leviathan, he sets forth his ideas on government and law. Thomas Hobbes believed that all humans were born with sin. He believed that all humans were evil, cruel, greedy, and selfish. Even though he thought we were naturally evil, his theories also stated how they can be kept under control. He argued if countries wereRead MoreHobbes vs. Locke2028 Words   |  9 Pagespower? In answering this question explain Locke’s argument against Hobbes’s understanding of â€Å"paternal† and despotical power. On the discussion of power and social structure, both John Locke and Thomas Hobbes introduce their theories on paternal and despotical power in Second Treatise of Government and Leviathan respectively. Both men believe that social order is constructed artificially and not by a divine being. In Leviathan, Hobbes’s discusses the differences between paternal and despotical power

Juvenile Delinquency Is An Integral Part Of Criminology

The greatest asset a nation has is in the form of children which form a major portion of its population. So they should be allowed and provided opportunity to become robust citizens, and to grow up physically fit, mentally alert and morally healthy, being sufficiently endowed with skills and activations needed by the society. Equal opportunities for development to all children during the period of growth should be provided for reducing inequality and ensuring social justice, which in turn would serve as an effective tool to curb delinquency in juveniles. Children are expected to be obedient, respectful and imbibe virtues and good quality in them. Due to various reasons children do not follow settled social and legal dictum. Juvenile delinquency, as a legal concept is of recent origin. Juvenile delinquency is an integral part of criminology. The two cannot be separated since one of the reasons for crime and its continuance into adult life is the ineffective control and treatment of j uveniles. Juvenile delinquency is a big breading centre of criminals. The word delinquency is derived from the Latin word â€Å"delinquere† meaning de i.e. away and linquere i.e. to leave thus, meaning to leave or to abandon. Originally, the word had an objective meaning as it referred to parents who neglected and abandoned their children. In present day, it is used and applied to those children who indulge in wrongful and harmful activities. The term juvenile delinquency applies to violation ofShow MoreRelatedInsight Into Criminal Behavior Essay1735 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Æ' Juvenile exposure to criminal behavior increases the chances that those individuals will also engage in criminal behavior. Research gives us insight to prevent or reduce criminality and rehabilitate violators of the law that engage in criminal behavior. What causes people to commit crimes? Interdisciplinary criminology gives us a better understanding from several fields of study of a better understanding of crime. Influential factors that influence criminal behaviors are psychological, sociologicalRead MoreNotes On Delinquency Prevention Programs4174 Words   |  17 PagesRunning head: DELINQUENCY PREVENTION PROGRAMS 1 16 17 Delinquency Prevention Programs Alton Johnson American Military University Abstract This research paper will describe a variety of delinquency prevention programs as well as why they are beneficial for today?s society. Pivotal questions regarding the purpose of delinquency programs will be addressed through proven and current research. These programs when coupled with increased parental involvement are proven to be moreRead MoreArticle: The Aspect of Delinquency3972 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿Part One The aspect of delinquency that I am interested in covering and why society should be concerned with it   I. juvenile delinquency In early 2011 the FBI reported a decrease of 23.5% for juvenile arrests based on total arrests made in 2001 versus 2010 (FBI.gov). In fact, a simple Google search on juvenile crime over the past couple of years looks pretty good on paper and would have us believing that the many programs implemented over the past ten years have finally taken hold and areRead Moreis poverty the main factor affect crime5090 Words   |  21 PagesIntroduction In the essay I’m going to talk about criminology and criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminals. Is one social group involved in crime more than other social groups? Crime is an unlawful act punishable by the state, harmful act or omission against the public which the state wishes to prevent and which, upon conviction is punishable by fine, imprisonment and in some countries death. No conduct constitutes a crime unless it is declared criminal in the laws of the countryRead MoreCommunity Policing Models3115 Words   |  12 Pagesby researchers and police departments alike in order to describe the complex set of motivations, intentions, and strategies used to determine policing policy. Police models are central entities of thoughts and ideas on policing, and for the most part there are only a few meaningfully different models (Ponsaers, 2001, p. 470). A brief look at these different models will help to highlight the constituent features of both the community-ori ented and problem-solving models. Aside from the aforementioned

Faculty of Business - Hospitality and Personal Services

Queston 1. a). Suppose the following are national accounting data, for a fictitious country for the year 2013. Calculate GDP and the country's gross national expenditure (GNE) using the expenditure approach. 1 a) GDP Using the Expenditure approach Amount (billions of dollars) Consumer spending Household consumption expenditures 3120 Government consumption expenditures 620 Consumption of fixed capital 295 Add Investments Gross private domestic investment 855 Government investment expenditures 195 Add exports 680 Less Imports -575 GDP 5190 GNE = GDP + Net property income from abroad (NPIA) Amount (billions of dollars) Consumer spendings Household consumption expenditures 3120 Government consumption expenditures 620 Consumption of fixed capital 295 Add Investments Gross private domestic investment 855 Government investment expenditures 195 Add exports 680 Less Imports -575 Add Net property income paid overseas 25 GNE 5215 b). Now assume that this countrys nominal GDP has increased by 5.5% for the year 2014. What is the countrys economic growth? Explain your answer. Gross domestic product incorporates the aggregate worth of ultimate creations that are delivered and sold (and not sold again) in the current year. The development rate of GDP has been around 5.5% for 2014. Obviously, quite a bit of this replicates inflation. The GDP of a country just gathers aggregate yield yet does not recognize gainful exchanges or ruinous exchanges. Economic act can be fortified because of the effect of characteristic debacles or the impact of wrongdoing or combative prosecution (Young, 1987). Cash spent on medicinal expenses because of contamination, the cleanup of ecological devastation or the development of another jail is added to the GDP and considered as adding to the economic development of a nation. The GDP additionally overlooks distribution of income amongst laborers in a nation. Although the GDP may replicate noteworthy development, it is conceivable that just the top pay earners may witness some profit. The gross domestic product (GDP) has turned into the chief measure of economic action for general nations. It is the assessment of a country's products and services that it delivers over a time period. The products and services that are calculated are those that the nation really delivers inside its outskirts. The GDP is communicated regarding its individual local economy. in view of the fact that the estimation of GDP is generally utilized and communicated it is imperative to make out the way to figure out the development rate of nominal GDP. Answer 2. Shown here are real GDP figures for each of 10 quarters. Quarterly real GDP (billions of dollars) Quarter Real GDP (billions of dollars) Quarter Real GDP (billions of dollars) 1 200 6 450 2 300 7 550 3 400 8 650 4 350 9 600 5 300 10 700 a). Plot these data points and identify the two phases of the business cycle. b). What are some of the consequences of a prolonged decline in real GDP? c). Is the decline in real GDP from $650 billion to $600 billion a recession? QUESTION 2 Shown here are real GDP figures for each of 10 quarters. Quarterly real GDP (billions of dollars) Quarter Real GDP (billions of dollars) Quarter Real GDP (billions of dollars) 1 200 6 450 2 300 7 550 3 400 8 650 4 350 9 600 5 300 10 700 a). Plot these data points and identify the two phases of the business cycle. One of the two most important phases of the business cycle is a contraction, which is a time of dilapidated economic movement (i.e. from quarter 3 to quarter 5 and from quarter 8 to quarter 9). The second of the two most important phases of the business cycle is an expansion, which is a episode of growing economic movement (i.e. from quarter 1 to quarter 3, from quarter 5 to quarter 8 and from quarter 9 to quarter 10). b). What are some of the consequences of a prolonged decline in real GDP? The capital to labor ratio is an estimation that looks at the measure of capital existing in the economy to the measure of labor. At the point when the measure of capital increases, the estimation of the ratio climbs if the measure of labor does not climb by a comparative sum. At the point when the measure of labor climbs, the estimation of the ratio falls in case the measure of capital does not climb by a comparative sum. Amid a profound recession (at the time of real GDP facing a decline for a few years), the labor constrain for the most part gets to be littler. This has absolutely been the situation amid the late "extraordinary recession." In case the labor power contracts, the denominator of the capital to labor ratio gets littler. On the off chance that the denominator gets littler and the numerator (measure of capital) does not descend by a comparable sum, the estimation of the ratio overall will increment. Amid a subsidence, the measure of capital in the economy does not climb as fast as it would in great times. Be that as it may, it ought not fall by a colossal sum on the grounds that capital does not have a tendency to vanish rapidly. Along these lines, in a delayed retreat, we ought to hope to see a continuous decrease in capital and a profound decrease in labor. This implies that the capital to labor ratio will increment in this circumstance. c). Is the decline in real GDP from $650 billion to $600 billion a recession? No, because in case of recession, GDP decline is for several yeras QUESTION 3 a). Clearly distinguish between the causes of demand-pull and cost-push inflation. b). Using an AD-AS framework, show what happens to GDP, unemployment and the price level for both demand-pull and cost-push inflation. Answer 3 a). Clearly distinguish between the causes of demand-pull and cost-push inflation. The distinction between these two sorts of inflation is established in their reasons. These two have the same impacts (expanding level of price), however they are brought on by diverse things. Demand-pull inflation is brought on by abundance demand. At the point when the individuals in general get additional cash they find themselves capable to shell out further for products and administrations (if not further merchandise and administrations are delivered). Economists discuss more cash "pursuing" the similar measure of merchandise and services. This reasons deficiencies and costs increase. Cost-push inflation is brought about by disturbances in supply. These disturbances reason increments in the cost of manufacture. That prompts inflation. Case in point, an ascent in the cost of oil causes essentially all making to end up more lavish. b). Using an AD-AS framework, show what happens to GDP, unemployment and the price level for both demand-pull and cost-push inflation. Inflation is the determined hike when all is said in common level of price. Demand pull inflation is a kind where there is an increment in level of price because of the increment in the total demand. Then again the cost push inflation is when cost level increments because of the increment in the cost of inputs like expansion in pays and resources. The increment in cost of resources reduces the short run total supply which expands the level of price. Therefore in case there is a shift in the curve for supply rearward we state that inflation is cost push and at the time there is a rightward move in the curve for demand we articulate that its demand-pull inflation. Question 4 a). How is inflation measured? The Consumer Price Index (CPI) plus the succession price index of Domestic Final Demand (DFD) are two significant gauges of inflation inside Australia. They calculate the common rate at which prices transform within Australia. The CPI has been devised like a common gauge of price inflation visage by family units, whereas the DFD price index envelops ultimate acquisitions by industry and government in addition to homes (Rotemberg and Woodford,1997). b). With inflation there are always losers and winners, explain. Inflation generates winners as well as losers. Identifying who wins is imperative for comprehension the reasons for which it is in some cases permitted to persevere. At the point when inflation is normal and stable, it is somewhat kindhearted. Individuals and establishments can anticipate it and incorporate it with their choice making. In case inflation is sudden, it makes a win-lose circumstance in the public eye. Inflation hurts more than making a difference. Moneylenders and savers together lose when inflation surpasses desires. Both win investment rates that accept a little rate of inflation, and at time the real rate surpasses the normal rate, savers and moneylenders are hurt. People existing on fixed earnings are likewise hurt by inflation. Amid times of unforeseen inflation, settled salary receivers witness their real earnings decay. Experts on a settled compensation or retirees on an altered benefits lose obtaining power the length of the rate of inflation surpasses the rate at which their boosts in salary (Skidelsky, 2009). An alternate gathering that advantages from an increment in buyer costs in the short run is makers. At the point when surprising inflation happens, customer costs ascend whereas compensation remunerated to representatives stay generally steady. This permits makers to practice higher benefits for a period until incomes conform to replicate the higher costs purchasers are disbursing. Borrowers advantage from a general increment in costs or a diminishment in obtaining force. At the point when people, organizations, and governments acquire, it is generally at a settled rate of investment that had a little normal level of inflation incorporated with it. In case higher than anticipated inflation happens, then the real estimation of the borrower's obligation is lessened. Question 5 a). Explain how the spending multiplier works in the Keynesian economic model. Keynesian model is the outlook that in the short run, particularly amid recessions, profitable yield is unequivocally impacted through total demand (aggregate payments within the economy). within the Keynesian perspective, total demand does not so much matches the dynamic limit of the economy; rather, it is affected through an assemblage of variables and frequently carries on unpredictably, influencing production, job, and inflation (Solow, 1956). The multiplier impact is abused by governments endeavoring to utilize monetary boost approaches to expand the all-purpose level of economic action. This could be possible in a time of recession or economic vulnerability, while redundancy of labor is elevated and different assets are less-utilized. Expanded spending by government builds the rate of aggregate demand, expanding business movement, which expands salary, which further builds spending and total demand, in a temperate cycle. The thought is that the aggregate increment in production and salary by all gatherings all through the economy might be more prominent than the first addition to government spending, as extra assets are drawn into the round streams of cash spending and business movement through the economy. The presence of unmoving limit and automatic unemployment of labor in the economy can be spoken to as a yield crevice - a contrast between real GDP and potential GDP - and an arrangement of monetary jolt may go for pr esenting sufficient extra spending, increased by the multiplier, to speed the end of the yield hole. Keynesian economics depends on government spending to kick off a country and economic development amid languid economic downturns. Like established economists, Keynesians accept the country and economy is comprised of purchaser spending, business venture and government spending (Woodford, 2003). Be that as it may, Keynesian hypothesis directs that administration spending can enhance or take the spot of economic development without shopper spending or business speculation. b). Explain the differences between the Classical view of aggregate supply and the Keynesian view. Draw diagrams where possible to explain your answer. The Classical accepted that the level of price would have no impact on genuine yield. Financial operators did not comprise Money Illusion, which could result in monetary specialists to believe that a change in the level of price is really an alteration in the genuine wage and lead to a change in their generation choices. In the short run, generally, wages and costs move together so the genuine compensation does not change. Given that the real compensation does not transform not one or the other does business or yield choices. Hence, the classical economists accepted that the aggregate supply bend was perpendicular. Diagram: Classical Model AS Price level AD Economic Output (Real GDP) The Keynesian AS Curve has a retrogressive L shape. Until yield achieves complete vocation, the AS bend is leveled; once complete work is arrived at, the AS bend is perpendicular. Diagram: Keynesian Model AS Price level AD Economic Output (Real GDP) Classical financial hypothesis is established in the idea of a free enterprise monetary business sector. A free enterprise -otherwise called free- -business obliges practically zero legislature intercession. It likewise permits people to act as per their own particular self enthusiasm with respect to monetary choices. This guarantees monetary assets are dispensed by yearnings of people and organizations in the commercial center. Classical financial aspects utilizes the worth hypothesis to focus costs in the monetary business sector. A thing and quality is dead set focused around creation yield, engineering and wages paid to deliver the thing (Lucas, 2004). Keynesian monetary hypothesis depends on spending and aggregate demand to characterize the financial commercial center. Keynesian economists accept the aggregate demand is regularly affected by open and private choices. Open choices speak to government orgs and regions. Private choices incorporate people and organizations in the financial commercial center. Keynesian financial hypothesis depends vigorously on the way that a country money related approach can influence an organization and economy (Phelps, 1968). QUESTION 6 Refer to the table below and determine the following: a). Complete the consumption schedule and show the consumption and saving schedules graphically. b). Determine the MPC and MPS for each change in the income level. a) and b) Level of output and income (GDP = DI) ($ billion) Consumption ($ billion) Saving ($ billion) MPC= Consumed income/Total Income MPS= Saved Income/Total Income Multiplier =1/MPS 240 244 -4 1.02 -0.02 -60.00 260 260 0 1.00 0.00 - 280 276 4 0.99 0.01 70.00 300 292 8 0.97 0.03 37.50 320 308 12 0.96 0.04 26.67 340 324 16 0.95 0.05 21.25 360 340 20 0.94 0.06 18.00 380 356 24 0.94 0.06 15.83 400 372 28 0.93 0.07 14.29 c). Determine the breakeven point. Break-even level of income is where saving equals zero, so here breakeven point is where income is $260 billion. d). Explain what happens to the consumption and saving schedules when disposable income increases. The way to seeing how an ascent in disposable wage influences family spending is to comprehend the idea of the marginal propensity to consumption i.e. devour (MPC). The marginal propensity to devour is the change in customer spending emerging from a change in disposable salary (Krugman, 2009). In case, for instance your disposable wage hikes by 50,000 and you decide to burn through 30,000 of this on additional products and administrations, then the mpc is 30,000/50000 or 66%. In the event that you picked rather to spend just 25,000 of the increment in pay, then the MPC would be 0.5) References Krugman, P. (2009), How Did Economists Get It so Wrong?, New York Times Magazine, September 6. Lucas R. E. Jr. (2004), My Keynesian Education, in De Vroey, M. and K. Hoover (eds.), The IS-LM Model: Its Rise, Fall, and Strange Persistence, Duke University Press, pp. 1224. Phelps, E. (1968), Money Wage Dynamics and Labour Market Equilibrium, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 76, pp. 678-711 Rotemberg, J. and M. Woodford (1997), An Optimization-Based Econometric Framework for the Evaluation of Monetary Policy, in B. Bernanke and J. Rotemberg (ed.), NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1997, vol. 12, Cambr. (Mass.): pp. 297-346. Skidelsky, R. (2009), The Return of the Master, London: Public Affairs. Solow, R. (1956), A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 70, pp. 65-94. Woodford, M. (2003), Interest and Prices: Foundations of a Theory of Monetary Policy, Princeton University Press. Young, W. (1987), Interpreting Mr. Keynes: The IS-LM Enigma, Cambridge: Polite Press.

Bringing a Change in Organizational Culture free essay sample

Critically explain why changing organisational culture is so difficult and how managers can do it. Culture can be defined as â€Å"a set of basic tacit assumptions about how the world is and ought to be that a group of people share and that determines their perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and, to some degree, their overt behaviour† (Schein, 1996). Organizational culture is depend on differences in norms and shared values which are learned in workplace and to direct behaviour of members in the particular organisation. Cabrera, Cabrera Barajas 2001) Organisational culture was built on its shared beliefs and values which was the guidance to solve problems. This essay will introduce the definition of organisational culture and explain why changing organisational culture is so difficult. The main reasons are the fear of uncertain future and difficult to establish the organisational culture. In addition, the essay is to interpret how managers can change organisational culture and h ow does it work. Managers can change organisational culture through communication and management strategies. This essay may introduce the detail about changing organisational culture. Most scholars think that changing organisational culture is difficult; however a few people think it is easy to change organisational culture. As Chu (2003) stated that organizational culture is contributed to change. In his opinion, organisational culture can collect different values and actions to form a frame to guide the behaviour of members within an organisation. In other words, organisational culture can shape what employees do in the company and control tendency of company. For example, a company may have employees who are unwilling to change and who are conductive to change, if managers recruit staff that are innovated and willing to change, they may be the new power to change organisational culture. Therefore, to form a â€Å"change† culture can make changing organisational culture easier. However, it is also difficult to establish an organisational culture. It is need to experience a long time and face lots of difficult and challenges. According to levels of cultural analysis (Wood 2004), it shows how difficult to form the organisational culture, especially the deepest level of cultural analysis: common assumption. Common assumptions are to collect truths that organisational employees shares as a result of their common experiences and that direct beliefs and behaviours. It is extremely hard to isolate these modes, but it is interpret why culture is full of organisational life. It is hard to shape common assumptions if members of the organisation do not experience same ups and downs or cooperate long time. As Ferrara-Love (1997) stated that organizational culture does not appear in a night. On the contrary, organisational culture evolves during the time, and is the collective beliefs of individuals who worked together. Therefore, it is hard to establish organisational culture, to say nothing of changing organisational culture. At the same time, it is debatable to recruit plenty employees when the company want to change organisational culture. The new power is unstable to the company. It is hard for managers to control the new employees and it still need to cost much time. To conclude, it is difficult to change organisational culture. Organisational culture plays an ineradicable role to different kinds of organisational behaviours and members within organisations. Thus, it is always failure if certain problems of organisational culture were not being considered. Moreover, if managers want to change organisational culture which focuses on shared values or beliefs, it will be more difficult; because on the deepest of organisational culture, it formed invisible and omnipresent old guard or power which makes organisational change failure. As Locus and Kline (2008) stated that organizations always appear â€Å"learning disability† and â€Å"defensive routines† which obstruct the learning and organizational change. It shows the strong of conservative power. When managers try to change the organizational culture, they always face opposition. What was worse, the conservative power always important to the organisation. They make huge contribution to the company, which used to promote the development of company. Therefore, they play an important role to organisation. It is difficult for managers to challenge their authority. Moreover, the reason people do not want to change is the nature of people. People are easy to be used to do one thing and do not want to accept new thing. They are afraid of the unknown thing after change. As Ferrara-Love (1997) stated that people are comfortable with exist ways to finish the work. In their opinion, change is just the threat to their peaceful. Thus, they do not want to change organisational culture and dispute to change. It is obvious that changing organisational culture is so difficult. Leadership is the key to change organisational culture. The achievements of an organisation mostly depend on the leadership of managers. As Fishman and Kavanaugh (1989) stated that the culture of an organization and how employees want to change was formed substantially by leader. For example, if managers uphold to change organisational culture steady and have enough ability to direct staff, it will achieve maximum results with little effort to change organisational culture. Thus, managers are the guidance of the company; they are main factor to change organisational culture. Clement (1994) also expounded that management leadership is basic factor in a major organisational change effort. From this, it can be seen that the importance of leadership in change organisational culture. However, it is hard to change managers. If managers are not satisfied with their employees, employees can be changed, but managers will not changed unless the company go bankrupt. Thus, the most difficult to change organisational culture is to change the mind of managers. For instance, if managers make no attempt to make progress and milk-toast, it will be the most resistance to change organisational change. For this reason, the best way to change is from up to bottom. At the same time, change the mind and ability of leader is the difficult demand for changing organisational culture. To change organisational culture, managers have lot of things to do it. The role of managers is very important through up down system. As Ott (1989) suggested that the leader can do lots of things included staff selection, socialization, removal of deviating members, cultural communication and role model to guide behaviour. For example, managers can choose employees who will support to change organisational culture. Although it will not change the situation directly, they can be the power push the step of changing organisational culture. In the same way, managers can fire part of staff who opposes to change. It is not only reducing resistance to change organisational culture, but also overawe the opponent to change their minds. Furthermore, managers need to be the role model to change organisational culture. The behaviour of managers can be the maximum power to guide behaviour of managers. For example, when managers try to change organisational culture but not to do anything to change it, employees will not follow managers with any anxiety. To sum up, it is important to be the role model of changing organisational culture for managers. Furthermore, communication is an important tool for managers to change organisational culture. According to Fry (2003), he examined that leadership as motivation to change; managers need to communicate with employees about their feelings. In other words, managers should get in touch with employees and let them know core values of changing organisational culture and the need of changing organisational culture. The employees may understand the determination of managers and why to change organisational culture. Then, they can have their decision about changing organisational culture. In this way, it can reduce the distance between managers and employees, and let employees think they are also the participants to change organisational culture, they are not insignificant. When employees think they are the part of changing organisational culture, they will follow managers and try their best to help managers. At the same time, managers communicate with employees also can understand what employees think about and then do well about interactive. In addition, it can reduce the fear of employees about unknown future. As Kanter, Stein and Jick (1992) stated that communication is basic tool within any change process and failure to change always because of the feeling uncertain and anxious about their future. Thus, communication is very significant for managers to change organizational culture. In addition, to help employees to change organisational culture, managers need to teach them related skills and knowledge to work differently. As Ke and Wei (2007) suggested that employees thought to learn skills and knowledge as their main responsibility. Thus, employees may accept skills and knowledge easier than accept directly new culture. When they understand how to do, it may easy for them to accept to change organisational culture. At the same time, it is also the good way to remove their fear to uncertain future. When they master relevant skills and knowledge, they will be confident to deal with change of organisational culture. In this way, they will not fight against to change organisational culture as before. Then they can be the power help to change organisational culture. The most important things to change organisational culture are to change origin perception and beliefs. According to the definition of organisational culture, if managers want to change organisational culture, they must change shared values. The same as Whitely (1995) said that, managers need to be able to help employees to remove the past values which are not consistent with current shared vision of future organizational arrangements. The shared values and beliefs are keys of the organisational culture. Thus, managers need to change origin values of employees to change organisational culture. For example, managers can change new uniform to show the new the new appearance of company. According to Wood (2006), managers can create processes, systems and ways of working that enable to put the new values into practice. The new values can take place of the past one. In addition, managers can recruit and select new employees to help change origin values. As Harris and Metallinos (2002) stated that new employees were outside the company who did not affect by origin organizational culture, thus they were easy to accept new culture. That is why managers to select new employees to enlarge the power to change organizational culture. The new values and beliefs can be brought into the company in this way. In the same way, managers can retrain employees and engraft new rules to them, although it will not have better effect than new employees, it also can help to change organizational culture. In a word, managers need to create new values and beliefs to substitute origin one. Technology change also can promote to change organisational change. Although Weick (1990) thought technology change may make people anxiety about the values of new technology to their work, the new technology is the progress to organisational culture. There is no doubt technology change may improve work efficiency which may improve organisational culture. As Harris and Metallinos (2002) suggested that the application of new technology and subsequent development of system would promote standardization. The implementation of new technology can make employees understand new things which break routine. It also can be the sally port to open the mind of employees, let them know advantages of changing. When they can accept technology change, it is easy for them to support to change organisational change. Thus, managers can first bring in advanced technology to improve organisational change. Then teaching them to learn about it and establish new values in this process. This essay introduces what are the organisational culture and two main parts of organisational culture, the reason why changing organisational culture is difficult and how managers do to change it. This essay support to change organisational culture is so difficult because of the fear of unknown and difficult process to form organisational culture.